Piece of Online Content
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of online content: Subtitle. Website Name. URL.
Reference List Citation | Aubrey, A. (2019, December 12) How to reduce food waste. NPR. //www.npr.org/2019/12/10/786867315/how-to-reduce-food-waste |
In-Text Citation | (Aubrey, 2019) |
Note: Review this source carefully! You may need to follow the citation structure for a news article, magazine article, blog post, journal article etc. Use the format that best describes your source.
Webpage
Author/Group/Organization Name. (Date). Title of page: Subtitle. Website Name. URL
Reference List Citation | University of Alabama. (2020). Coronavirus: Virtual student services. //healthinfo.ua.edu/virtual-student-services/ |
In-Text Citation | (University of Alabama, 2020) |
Note: If the author and website name are the same, omit the website name entry.
Blog Post
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Blog Title. URL
Reference List Citation | Gritters. J. (2019, August 30). Are green spaces in cities as good for us as green spaces in mountains? REI CO-Op Journal. //www.rei.com/blog |
In-Text Citation | (Gritters, 2019) |
Report/Document from a website
Corporation/Group/Organization's Name. (Publication Date). Title of report: Subtitle (Publication Number). Website Name. URL
Reference List Citation | National Association of Social Workers. (2005). NASW standards for clinical social work in social work practice. //www.socialworkers.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=YOg4qdefLBE%3d&portalid=0 |
In-Text Citation | (National Association of Social Workers, 2005) |
Note: If the author and website name are the same, omit the website name entry.
Tips
No author? If the webpage's author is not listed, begin your citation with the title instead
Retrieved from? Only include a retrieval date when the webpage's content is likely to change over time
- Author. (Date). Title of page. Website name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
Dates?
- If there is no publication date, look for the date that the content was last updated or the copyright date.
- If an item has no date, use n.d. where you would normally put the date.
Helpful Tip
- When citing sources that you find on the Internet you only need to include a retrieval date if the information you viewed is likely to change over time (p. 290). If you reference an article from a site that may experience continuous updates, you would then need to include a retrieval date.
General Format
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(Title of specific document, Year)
NOTE: If the title of a document is long, use a shortened version for the
in-text citations.
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(Title of specific document, Year, page or paragraph number)
References:
Title of specific document. (Last update or copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of website. URL of specific document
Example
In-Text Citation (Paraphrase):
(What to know, n.d.)
In-Text Citation (Quotation):
(What to know, n.d., para. 4)
References:
What to know about cancer. (n.d.). Medical News Today. //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323648.php
In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are examples of using in-text citation.
Author's name in parentheses:
One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).
Author's name part of narrative:
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
Group as author:
First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015)
Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)
Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)
Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).
Direct quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote)
One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).
Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:
This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 77)